• In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, transferring loads from the structure to the ground. … Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.
Our earthquake and geotechnical expert shall consider several options of foundation system, compare cost of each option and select the most economical foundation system.
• Classification of foundation design: A. Shallow Foundation
i. Wall Footing ii. Isolated column/Column Footing iii. Combined Footing iv. Cantilever (Strap) Footing v. Mat (Raft) Foundation
B. Deep Foundation i. Pile Foundation ii. Pier Foundation iii. Well (Caissons) Foundation
Embankments were usually built by end tipping the material arising from the nearest cutting with no prior surface preparation. The fill was therefore a random mix of whatever came along, placed without consolidation onto an inadequate base.
i. Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. We use the results obtained from site CPTs, SPTs or Dynamic Probes to assess the potential for liquefaction of the soils at the subject site. ...
ii. Site amplification essential for seismic zonation is defined here as a peak value of spectrum ratio between ground surface and a base layer. ... The value of Vs was evaluated from fundamental mode frequency and a thickness of equivalent surface layer in which peak amplification was exerted.